Mbaar free essay sample

Through a progression of very much planned mergers and the development of a tremendous determination of inventive food items, Nestle turned into the worldwide mammoth it is today. Nestle’s achievement can be ascribed to its profound horticultural gracefully chain, solid neighborhood showcase groups, recruiting from inside, and since a long time ago tenured CEOs. Settle has become the exemplification of development and achievement in the retail food item industry. In 1996 Nestle built up the Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) trying to create all the more earth inviting items. NEMS required inventive eco-structure in the company’s items and exercises, and offered inclination to providers who attempted to improve their degrees of proficiency and manageability in regards to their utilization of assets. Beside this, NEMS additionally requires free natural examining in regards to the acts of the organization. Furthermore, natural mindfulness preparing for the workers and colleagues is required. Settle propelled Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Nestle (SAIN) in 2000 so as to advance the straightforwardness from ranch to-table and to expand proficiency and efficiency. We will compose a custom article test on Mbaar or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Settle accepting a major hazard as it was the first to execute this kind of program. The program was successful, and different organizations, for example, Unilever and Groupe Danone embraced the thought. In 2006 it further extended the program to make water a focal region of focus. Five Forces Model Porter’s Five Forces Model was made to go about as a structure for industry investigation and business system improvement. Watchman singled out five distinct powers that sway serious force which depicts a picture of the general engaging quality and benefit of a market. To help in our assessment of Nestle and its status in the business, we will apply Porter’s Five Forces Model to the organization. Danger of New Entrants The food handling industry is huge and serious; it isn't unprecedented for firms inside the business to do very well. Therefore, numerous organizations go into the market each year trying to increase a segment of the gainful market. Fortunately for Nestle, the organization has been around for longer than a century and flaunts a long history of value items and customer fulfillment, which has permitted the organization to acquire an extensive portion of the market. Thus, new participants into the business must endeavor to hold onto a bit of Nestle’s piece of the pie so as to endure. Basically, Nestle is continually an objective, thus the danger of new participants is moderate. Danger of Substitute Goods Due to the idea of the business, Nestle is assailed with the danger of substitute merchandise. From filtered water to lean pockets, there are varieties of comparable items that contend legitimately with Nestle. It is imperative for Nestle to constantly discover better approaches to improve its items since rivalry is so savage. Lately, Nestle has concentrated on the wellbeing and health parts of its items to keep up its serious edge in the market. Haggling Power of Suppliers Nestle highly esteems making and keeping up positive associations with its providers everywhere throughout the world. Because of the huge buying intensity of Nestle, and on the grounds that the providers of agrarian wares offer an item that is a long way from one of a kind, Nestle holds more haggling power than its providers. Beside this, Nestle wants to make and safeguard long haul associations with its providers as this assists with guaranteeing the nature of the crude materials being bought. Furthermore, Nestle additionally offers valuable guidance to its providers on the most proficient method to perform all the more productively to limit pointless expenses. Dealing Power of Customers have a lot of bartering power with respect to their utilization of Nestle items. As expressed already, there are close substitutes for Nestle items which takes into account the inclinations of the client to be exceptionally compelling. Settle comprehends the intensity of the client and has found a way to address the issues of its items customers. In particular, Nestle is fusing wellbeing and wellbeing into the making of its items as society has begun turning out to be more wellbeing cognizant. Serious Rivalry inside the Industry Nestle is a powerhouse in the food handling industry however so are Kraft Foods and Groupe Danone. These organizations, among others, are in a consistent and persistent fight to beat each other. With respect to alone, these organizations burn through a huge number of dollars trying to show up more attractive than the opposition. Contention is savage in the food handling industry, and this is something beneficial for customers. For whatever length of time that these organizations keep endeavoring to one up each other, buyers will keep on appreciating ever-improving product offerings. - When applied to Nestle, Porter’s â€Å"Five Forces Model† portrays a serious, yet beneficial market for the food handling industry. Besides, the model spots Nestle in a to some degree agreeable situation inside the food preparing industry, while recognizing the dangers to its piece of the overall industry. In particular, the model notes a moderate danger of new contestants into the market and a generous danger of substitute products. Furthermore, the model shows that Nestle will in general keep up the high ground over its providers as wares have accurate substitutes in the market. Likewise, clients have a lot of bartering power, as Nestle must hold fast to purchaser needs and needs on the grounds that there are such a significant number of close substitutes. For the last power, the model delineates a lot of competition inside the food handling industry. - Goals - Nestle has built up numerous objectives for the duration of the life of its organization. Being a profoundly imaginative organization, it is continually searching for better approaches to create greater items. So as to keep up a serious edge over top contenders, Nestle should improve its inventive innovation; this will make new items and lead to better effectiveness which will limit costs for Nestle and its buyers. Another objective is to keep up development by proceeding to make an incentive for purchasers and investors through executing a viable hazard the executives strategy. This should be possible by guaranteeing consistence with Nestle business standards and worldwide law. What's more, Nestle will guarantee that its activities are ecologically solid, socially just, and monetarily reasonable. In conclusion, it should proceed to maintain and extend natural strategies (I. e. SAIN, NEMS). This will be finished by improving the correspondence between ranchers, representatives, directors, and wholesalers. - Constraints - There are a couple of appropriate limitations that will influence the execution of the objectives. To start with, is the loss of brand unwaveringness because of the current monetary downturn. With a strain on family livelihoods, Nestle shoppers are bound to pick less expensive and lower quality elective items from nonexclusive brands of contenders. Settle must improve its affirmation procedure of crude materials to fulfill more excellent guidelines. An exact path of material/item quality data through the different degrees of the natural pecking order is vital to Nestle keeping up the general nature of Nestle finished results. The last limitation is the expanding cost of vitality, which influences all degrees of info, creation, and dispersion. - Settle is continually growing its points of view. One model is that the organization has taken on a driven assignment, for example, multiplying deals and extending its purchaser advertise. As expressed above Nestle keeps on looking for chances to build productivity to grow its gainfulness. With the ever-changing cost of items, supplies, and shopper tastes, Nestle will keep on battling with its market position. Settle has remained solid and balanced well through numerous impediments over its lifetime. Nestle’s officials are certain they can achieve pretty much any objective and are growing new techniques to get this going. Focal Problem - Peter Brabeck, the CEO, for Nestle utilizes the approachâ€when you aren’t developing, you are dyingâ€in how he runs the organization. For as long as 30 years, this idea has worked for Nestle. Its offers have outflanked rivals in the Samp;P 100. Inside, a focal issue for Nestle is the way it intends to proceed with its worldwide ca pitalization while opposing levels or stagnation. Remotely, Nestle’s issue is the manner by which it will keep the lead on contenders. Settle has dealt with its association around decentralization. This is the possibility that all inclusive there is nobody explicit taste or inclination needed by all. Rather, Nestle has made its creations increasingly local. This will guarantee that it produces items to the needs of the neighborhood networks. This technique has helped Nestle beat its rivals in various areas. The issue is, organizations have paid heed to this training and are actualizing comparative procedures. Choices Alternative One Cocoa is basic to 40-50 million people’s lives around the world. More than 5,000,000 little holder ranches produce it. Throughout the most recent 20 years, chocolate utilization has multiplied, and over the most recent five years, it has expanded 14 percent all inclusive. There has been a lack of cocoa for four back to back years now since ranchers are creating lower yields as request keeps on rising. â€Å"Many ranchers battle on little plots with maturing trees that are defenseless against infection. Monetary weights imply that ranchers are centered around the present moment and can't put resources into great homestead the board which would assist them with making sure about better quality, higher amount yields in the long haul. This statement from Nestle. com states the most clear purpose behind the cocoa lack, which are poor assets for ranchers in different nations. The sho

Effectiveness of Ra 8049 or Anti-Hazing Law Essay

Under the Anti-Hazing Law, right of passage is characterized as â€Å"an inception custom or practice as an essential for entrance into participation in a crew, sorority or association by setting the enroll, amateur or candidate in some humiliating or mortifying circumstances, for example, compelling him to do modest, senseless, silly and other comparable assignments or exercises or in any case exposing him to physical or mental affliction or injury. The physical, mental and mental testing and preparing system and practices to decide and upgrade the physical, mental and mental wellness of forthcoming standard individuals from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police as endorsed by the Secretary of National Defense and the National Police Commission appropriately suggested by the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director General of the Philippine National Police [are not] considered as hazing†. (Area 1) Necessities 1. No right of passage or commencement ceremonies in any structure or way by a society, sorority or association will be permitted without earlier composed notification to the school specialists or head of association 7 days before the direct of such inception. The composed notification will demonstrate: 1) the time of the inception exercises which will not surpass 3 days, will incorporate 2) the names of those to be exposed to such exercises, and will additionally contain 3) an endeavor that no physical brutality be utilized by anyone during such commencement customs. (Area 2) 2. The leader of the school or association or their delegates must relegate at any rate 2 agents of the school or association, by and large, to be available during the commencement. It is the obligation of such delegate to make sure that no physical mischief of any sort will be perpetrated upon an enlist, beginner or candidate. (Area 3) Risk for Hazing Segment 4 of the Anti-Hazing Law characterizes those criminally subject as principals and associates. Criminal Liability 1. In the event that the individual exposed to right of passage or different types of commencement ceremonies endures any physical injury or kicks the bucket therefore thereof, the officials and individuals from the clique, sorority or association who really took part in the curse of physical damage will be obligated as principals. The individual or people who partook in the right of passage will endure: 1) The punishment of hermitic lifestyle perpetua (life detainment) if demise, assault, homosexuality or mutilation results there from. 2) The punishment of antisocial nature fleeting in its most extreme period (17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years) if in outcome of the preliminaries the casualty will get crazy, nitwit, inept or daze. 3) The punishment of antisocial nature worldly in its medium period (14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months) if in result of the right of passage the casualty will have lost the utilization of discourse or the ability to hear or to smell, or will have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm or a leg or will have lost the utilization of any such part will have gotten debilitated for the action or work in which he was routinely locked in. 4) The punishment of antisocial nature worldly in its base period (12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months) if in result of the initiation the casualty will get disfigured or will have lost some oth er piece of his body, or will have lost the utilization thereof, or will have been sick or crippled for the presentation on the movement or work in which he was constantly connected with for over 90 days. 5) The punishment of jail city hall leader in its most extreme period (10 years and one day to 12 years) if in outcome of the inception the casualty will have been sick or debilitated for the presentation on the movement or work in which he was routinely connected with for over 30 days. 6) The punishment of jail civic chairman in its medium period (8 years and one day to 10 years) if in result of the inception the casualty will have been sick or crippled for the exhibition on the action or work in which he was constantly drawn in for 10 days or more, or that the injury supported will require clinical help for a similar period. 7) The punishment of jail city hall leader in its base period (6 years and one day to 8 years) if in result of the inception the casualty will have been sick or weakened for the presentation on the movement or work in which he was constantly connected with from 1 to 9 days, or that the injury supported will require clinical help for a similar period. 8) The punishment of jail correccional in its greatest period (4 years, 2 months and one day to 6 years) if in outcome of the initiation the casualty supported physical wounds which don't keep him from taking part in his ongoing action or work nor require clinical participation. 2. On the off chance that the right of passage is held in the home of one of the officials or individuals from the society, gathering, or association, the guardians will be held subject as principals when they have real information on the initiation led in that yet neglected to make any move to keep the equivalent from happening. 3. The officials, previous officials, or graduated class of the association, gathering, club or sorority who really arranged the initiation despite the fact that not present when the demonstrations establishing the right of passage were submitted will be at risk as principals. A crew or sorority’s counselor who is available when the demonstrations comprising the right of passage were submitted and neglected to make a move to keep the equivalent from happening will be at risk as head. The nearness of any individual during the right of passage is at first sight proof of cooperation in that as head except if he forestalled the commission of the demonstrations culpable in this. Assistants The school specialists including employees who agree to the initiation or who have genuine information thereof, yet neglected to make any move to keep the equivalent from happening will be rebuffed as accessories for the demonstrations of right of passage submitted by the culprits. Obligation of Owners of the Hazing setting The proprietor of where right of passage is directed will be at risk as an accessory, when he has real information on the preliminaries led in that however neglected to make any move to keep the equivalent from happening. Managerial Liability The mindful authorities of the school or of the police, military or citizen’s armed force preparing association, may force the proper authoritative authorizes on the individual or the people charged under this arrangement even before their conviction. The greatest punishment in this gave will be forced in any of the accompanying occasions: 1. At the point when the enlistment is joined forcibly, savagery, danger, terrorizing or double dealing on the individual of the enroll who will not join; 2. At the point when the enroll, novice or candidate at first agrees to join yet after discovering that right of passage will be submitted with the rest of his personal effects, is kept from stopping; 3. At the point when the select, beginner or candidate having experienced right of passage is kept from announcing the unlawful demonstration to his folks or watchmen, to the best possible school specialists, or to the police specialists, through power, viciousness, danger or terrorizing; 4. At the point when the initiation is submitted outside of the school or foundation; or 5. At the point when the casualty is underneath 12 years old at the hour of the right of passage. The law expresses that it applies to the president, supervisor, chief or other mindful official of an enterprise occupied with inception as a necessity for work in the way previously mentioned. Finally, the law determines that any individual charged isn't qualified for the alleviating situation that there was no aim to submit so grave a wrong. Had the Anti-Hazing been set up in 1991, those vindicated of causing Lenny Villa’s passing may in any case be mulling in prison. (Albeit, maybe, had our examiners been progressively determined in their arraignment of all blamed in the passing for Lenny Villa, there would in any event have been in excess of 5 feelings †even without the Anti-Hazing Law.) Be that as it may, for what reason do right of passage passings keep on happening in spite of the law? It is noteworthy to take note of that the Supreme Court choice on the right of passage demise of Lenny Villa, as cited above, perceives that: the preliminaries â€Å"rituals were performed with Lenny’s consent† and â€Å"even subsequent to experiencing Aquila’s tiring conventional customs during the primary day, Lenny proceeded with his investment and completed the second day of initiation.† The law can't disallow a few people from needing to have a place and willing with endure certain ceremonies to be acknowledged as an individual from a gathering, nor can the law forestall some people’s tendency to viciousness or misuse. So consistently, the willing neophyte’s government assistance relies upon being hazed by a gathering of peaceful handlers. However, that is never ensured. Since the hazard exists that the amateur will be hazed by a gathering of individuals inclined to viciousness commonly, by weight or some substance, it might be completely left to the individual (or the family raising him/her) to dispense with that chance by declining the participation (or persuading said individual to decay) as right on time as could be expected under the circumstances. We should see preliminaries as considerably more than a legitimate issue, say, similar to drugs. It isn't sufficient to stop tranquilize creation and dealing. Individuals must figure out how to simply say â€Å"No.† Those slanted to join ought to know that specific exercises generously named as soul changing experiences might just prompt burial service customs, of their own. (Siesta,2012) Articulation of the Problem The motivation behind the examination was to explore the adequacy of a Fraternity or Sorority in a particular territory, the advantages that an individual get from going along with it and how it ought to be watched. In particular, it looked for answers to the accompanying inquiries: 1. How powerful is Republic Act 8049: Anti-Hazing Law? 2. Are the standards and impediments on rehearsing inception customs under RA 8049 appropriately watched? 3. What are the apparent arrangements proposed by the respondents to determine the absence of execution of RA 8049? Applied Framew

Selecting and Managing Channels in Business Model Canvas

Selecting and Managing Channels in Business Model Canvas INTRODUCTION TO THE CHANNELS BUILDING BLOCKThis building block defines how an organization communicates with and provides value to its chosen customer segment. Channels are the touch points through which an organization liaises with its customers and as such, play a huge role in defining the customer experience. Channels can be categorized as marketing, sales or distribution channels.Channels and Customer Relationships are directly linked to the ‘how’ of a company linking with its target customer segment. Most companies have a different medium to attract a customer and separate strategies on how to retain them. It is advisable to list separate channels for different customer segments if your organization is targeting more than one.Before the 1990’s, companies were severely limited in their choice of channel. In fact, there was only one channel being used; the direct channel in which a customer would go to a score with salespeople and physical distribution occurred. Now companie s have the choice of using physical channels or web/mobile channels to deliver their value proposition to their customer segment.The distribution channel represents one of the quarters of the Marketing Mix and represents how an organization will make its product or service available to the end consumer for consumption or use. A Distribution channel can be direct, which means that the manufacturer sells directly to the customer, or it can contain intermediaries who may buy and resell the product, in the case of merchants, or represent the manufacturer without owning the product, in the case of Agents and brokers. Organizations have to take into account multiple factors when deciding between owning their channels, establishing partners to provide channels or employing an amalgam of both.An organization which sells bulbs to lighthouses can have access to a multitude of channels such as a website where lighthouse attendants can view and purchase different kinds of bulbs, advertisements placed through Google Ads are also one of the channels. If the organization outsources after-sales services to another company, this company also represents another channel that links the company to the end-user.A well-thought out Distribution strategy can become a source of competitive advantage for your organization, as is the case for giants such as Dell and Amazon. If your Distribution Channel is customer-centric as well, that is, it is tailored to convenience the end-user, it will be even more successful.  How to select a distribution channelWhen selecting a distribution channel, five elements need to be taken into consideration to ensure a good match for your business;The number of customer segments or the size of the market you are targeting.Investment required by the distribution channel â€" these will include an analysis of the different associated costs such as absolute value cost, cost per customer, fixed and variable costs and the profitability each channel option brings to the table.Whether the product is standard, in which case the same version will appeal across customer profiles and can be sold through an external channel or a non-standardized product which needs to be tailored to the customer needs and for which the company needs to have direct contact with the customer.Amount of control required over the distribution channel â€" the distribution channel can be characterized by open communication and free-flow of information or, if there is a possibility of competition from the distributor, then a much more closed relationship.It is also important to take into account how long a healthy relationship will take to be established with the distributor as well as the length of the relationship as well; factors which contribute to the flexibility of the channel.Functions of channelsListed below are some of the purposes of a typical channel;A medium through which an organization can educate its chosen customer segments about the products and services it provides.Providing customers with an opportunity to study and evaluate the organizations value proposition.Providing customers with the facility to buy their chosen products or services.Providing the customer with the Value Proposition.Providing the customer with after sales services.CHANNEL PHASESThere are five phases through which a channel passes. A channel can be covering more than one of these phases at a time.Phase 1: AwarenessHow do we educate customers about the characteristics of the products and services we have? This is the marketing and advertising phase. It is how you let your customer know about your value proposition.Phase 2: EvaluationHow can we aid customers in evaluating our Value Proposition? This is the promotion or ‘Try me before you buy me’ phase. The customer will evaluate, read about or use your product and form an opinion about it. A good company will educate customers with other competitors in the market and help them to evaluate their choices. In t his way, you make your value proposition clearer to them and why you are a better option than your competitors.Phase 3: PurchaseHow can we help customers in buying their preferred product or service? This is the sales process and denoted the dollars exchanged for a particular goods and services.Phase 4: DeliveryHow do we deliver the promised value proposition to the customer?  This is the fulfillment stage and defines how the product will reach the customer.Phase 5: After SalesHow can we provide After Sales customer care and support? This phase creates Advocates for your products and services amongst your target segment. This stage provides a person for the customer to call when they have a problem or question about the product. The higher the value of the product, the more likely it is that he/ she will require After Sales support.CHANNEL TYPESThis is the bridge between the customer and the company. There are different channel types.Own ChannelsA direct channel will include your s ales force that would go after your customer segment and bring them in. A website is another direct channel that can be under the company’s control.You may also have your store, however the customer must choose to go to the store and then you can sell to him/ her, but this will be indirect selling.By employing your own channel, you will have a direct relationship with the customer, and you will have higher profit margins. However, you will require more investment to create the infrastructure to deliver your product to the market, and the production to market loop will be slower. Additionally partners leverage long established relationships with retailers that you will not have access to.Partner ChannelsThis is an indirect channel. In this case, the company will not sell to the customer directly but through an intermediary.The company can do this by placing their products or making their services available at the partner store.Wholesalers are also partner channels. Wineries create partnerships with wholesalers in different countries to sell their wine to the end customer.With a partner channel, there will be a lower margin on the product but it would get to the market quicker, and there will be lesser investment required in infrastructure.Heineken delivers their beer to wholesalers, bars and shops, supermarkets as well as retail chains such as Gall and Gall, a retail chain of liquor with its distribution channels. Alternatively, Heineken also delivers to its network of bars to which it delivers directly. Hence, Heineken uses different Distribution channels to reach its customers.Apple has its network of stores as well as premium resellers. They also sell their products through mobile networks, retail chains, and websites. Hence, there are different distribution channels in use at the same time with varying profitability. Their stores are extremely well-developed as well as experiential for any consumer that walks in. This may impact the profitability of the s tore, but it also allows Apple to communicate an entire experience to its consumer, and through this experience, establish a direct relationship with the customer.ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTIONDirect distributionThis can be done through personal selling, the internet, telephone or mail.Personal SellingIn the case of personal selling, there is a lot of conveniences afforded to the customer including personal demonstration, home delivery, and satisfaction guarantees. The cost of a direct selling channel, especially if it is based on personal selling is low and can be easily afforded by an individual starting a business. Personal selling is a wonderful way to establish a strong relationship with the customer and gain insight into big customers’ preferences. The Return on Investment in personal selling is also higher, and the company can exert control over the brand image and positioning of the company.However, if the organization is bigger, personal selling costs can be prohibitive. This particular distribution channel is also limited in its reach and creates too much dependence on people who may leave the organization and take their clients with them.The InternetThe internet, on the other hand, provides a low-cost channel to target a wide customer base. It also provides convenience to customers in the form of instant access, ease of use and personalization. It is also a wonderful source of information for the customers is available 24/7 and gives them the chance to establish two-way communication with the company by letting them provide feedback and share preferences.Conversely, the internet is an impersonal tool that does not allow the customer and the company to establish human contact. There is also the possibility of annoying customers by sending them too much spam. It also limits how the customer can directly interact with the product and requires an infrastructural investment. There is also a lack of after-sales service opportunities.TelephoneThe telephone is an inexpensive ad efficient way to establish direct contact with the customer. It is also a good way to establish a relationship, create leads and reach customers in remote areas. On the other hand, the telephone, due to being outsourced to third world countries and used as a medium for marketing may seem intrusive and annoying to customers.Mail / EmailMail is another direct medium that is inexpensive and can reach a large audience. It is also easily customizable to different customer segments and allows for easy alteration. It is a wonderful way to create a brand image, communicate innovations or new products and foster good will. Again there are challenges with this medium such as the possibility that customers consider it junk mail or choose to never peruse its contents. This medium in general has low ROI.Indirect DistributionIndirect distribution can be carried out through retailers, agents/ brokers/ reps and distributors.RetailersRetaile rs come with many positives such as already established infrastructures of stores, webpages, and aggressive marketing strategies. Retailers have their established brands that can provide a bolster to the already existing brand. There is also personal service and after sales services provided by the retailer, as well as a being a source of market and consumer intelligence.This channel, however, leads to lower margins and loss of control. There is a disconnect from the end customer, and the retailer may be stocking competing brands side by side. This is a complex channel that can be expensive for a new business.Agents and BrokersAgents, brokers or reps provide personal selling and have established relationships with customers. They have a broad network, lesser distribution costs and are a source of market intelligence. They also assume the role of promoting the product, as well as share the burden of overhead costs.Conversely, this channel is more sensitive to pricing, difficult to co ntrol and train. They may represent competing brands and maintain loyalty to the highest selling brand. This channel also means the company has less control over its brand image and no opportunity to establish a direct relationship with the client.DistributorsFinally, distributors have a focused customer base, assume inventory risk, have a wider reach and are technically trained. However, they carry competing brands, have a say in the final pricing of your product and your company does not have control over the final look of the product to the customer. They also have low customer intelligence and represent an additional investment.CASE STUDY © Entrepreneurial Insights based on the concept of Alex OsterwalderIn this article, we will look at 1) an introduction to the Channels building block, 2) channel phases, 3) channel types, 4) advantages and disadvantages of alternative channels of distribution, and 5) a case study.INTRODUCTION TO THE CHANNELS BUILDING BLOCKThis building block defines how an organization communicates with and provides value to its chosen customer segment. Channels are the touch points through which an organization liaises with its customers and as such, play a huge role in defining the customer experience. Channels can be categorized as marketing, sales or distribution channels.Channels and Customer Relationships are directly linked to the ‘how’ of a company linking with its target customer segment. Most companies have a different medium to attract a customer and separate strategies on how to retain them. It is advisable to list separate channels for different customer segments if your organizatio n is targeting more than one.Before the 1990’s, companies were severely limited in their choice of channel. In fact, there was only one channel being used; the direct channel in which a customer would go to a score with salespeople and physical distribution occurred. Now companies have the choice of using physical channels or web/mobile channels to deliver their value proposition to their customer segment.The distribution channel represents one of the quarters of the Marketing Mix and represents how an organization will make its product or service available to the end consumer for consumption or use. A Distribution channel can be direct, which means that the manufacturer sells directly to the customer, or it can contain intermediaries who may buy and resell the product, in the case of merchants, or represent the manufacturer without owning the product, in the case of Agents and brokers. Organizations have to take into account multiple factors when deciding between owning their cha nnels, establishing partners to provide channels or employing an amalgam of both.An organization which sells bulbs to lighthouses can have access to a multitude of channels such as a website where lighthouse attendants can view and purchase different kinds of bulbs, advertisements placed through Google Ads are also one of the channels. If the organization outsources after-sales services to another company, this company also represents another channel that links the company to the end-user.A well-thought out Distribution strategy can become a source of competitive advantage for your organization, as is the case for giants such as Dell and Amazon. If your Distribution Channel is customer-centric as well, that is, it is tailored to convenience the end-user, it will be even more successful.  How to select a distribution channelWhen selecting a distribution channel, five elements need to be taken into consideration to ensure a good match for your business;The number of customer segments or the size of the market you are targeting.Investment required by the distribution channel â€" these will include an analysis of the different associated costs such as absolute value cost, cost per customer, fixed and variable costs and the profitability each channel option brings to the table.Whether the product is standard, in which case the same version will appeal across customer profiles and can be sold through an external channel or a non-standardized product which needs to be tailored to the customer needs and for which the company needs to have direct contact with the customer.Amount of control required over the distribution channel â€" the distribution channel can be characterized by open communication and free-flow of information or, if there is a possibility of competition from the distributor, then a much more closed relationship.It is also important to take into account how long a healthy relationship will take to be established with the distributor as well as the leng th of the relationship as well; factors which contribute to the flexibility of the channel.Functions of channelsListed below are some of the purposes of a typical channel;A medium through which an organization can educate its chosen customer segments about the products and services it provides.Providing customers with an opportunity to study and evaluate the organizations value proposition.Providing customers with the facility to buy their chosen products or services.Providing the customer with the Value Proposition.Providing the customer with after sales services.CHANNEL PHASESThere are five phases through which a channel passes. A channel can be covering more than one of these phases at a time.Phase 1: AwarenessHow do we educate customers about the characteristics of the products and services we have? This is the marketing and advertising phase. It is how you let your customer know about your value proposition.Phase 2: EvaluationHow can we aid customers in evaluating our Value Pro position? This is the promotion or ‘Try me before you buy me’ phase. The customer will evaluate, read about or use your product and form an opinion about it. A good company will educate customers with other competitors in the market and help them to evaluate their choices. In this way, you make your value proposition clearer to them and why you are a better option than your competitors.Phase 3: PurchaseHow can we help customers in buying their preferred product or service? This is the sales process and denoted the dollars exchanged for a particular goods and services.Phase 4: DeliveryHow do we deliver the promised value proposition to the customer?  This is the fulfillment stage and defines how the product will reach the customer.Phase 5: After SalesHow can we provide After Sales customer care and support? This phase creates Advocates for your products and services amongst your target segment. This stage provides a person for the customer to call when they have a problem or que stion about the product. The higher the value of the product, the more likely it is that he/ she will require After Sales support.CHANNEL TYPESThis is the bridge between the customer and the company. There are different channel types.Own ChannelsA direct channel will include your sales force that would go after your customer segment and bring them in. A website is another direct channel that can be under the company’s control.You may also have your store, however the customer must choose to go to the store and then you can sell to him/ her, but this will be indirect selling.By employing your own channel, you will have a direct relationship with the customer, and you will have higher profit margins. However, you will require more investment to create the infrastructure to deliver your product to the market, and the production to market loop will be slower. Additionally partners leverage long established relationships with retailers that you will not have access to.Partner ChannelsT his is an indirect channel. In this case, the company will not sell to the customer directly but through an intermediary.The company can do this by placing their products or making their services available at the partner store.Wholesalers are also partner channels. Wineries create partnerships with wholesalers in different countries to sell their wine to the end customer.With a partner channel, there will be a lower margin on the product but it would get to the market quicker, and there will be lesser investment required in infrastructure.Heineken delivers their beer to wholesalers, bars and shops, supermarkets as well as retail chains such as Gall and Gall, a retail chain of liquor with its distribution channels. Alternatively, Heineken also delivers to its network of bars to which it delivers directly. Hence, Heineken uses different Distribution channels to reach its customers.Apple has its network of stores as well as premium resellers. They also sell their products through mobil e networks, retail chains, and websites. Hence, there are different distribution channels in use at the same time with varying profitability. Their stores are extremely well-developed as well as experiential for any consumer that walks in. This may impact the profitability of the store, but it also allows Apple to communicate an entire experience to its consumer, and through this experience, establish a direct relationship with the customer.ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTIONDirect distributionThis can be done through personal selling, the internet, telephone or mail.Personal SellingIn the case of personal selling, there is a lot of conveniences afforded to the customer including personal demonstration, home delivery, and satisfaction guarantees. The cost of a direct selling channel, especially if it is based on personal selling is low and can be easily afforded by an individual starting a business. Personal selling is a wonderful way to establish a str ong relationship with the customer and gain insight into big customers’ preferences. The Return on Investment in personal selling is also higher, and the company can exert control over the brand image and positioning of the company.However, if the organization is bigger, personal selling costs can be prohibitive. This particular distribution channel is also limited in its reach and creates too much dependence on people who may leave the organization and take their clients with them.The InternetThe internet, on the other hand, provides a low-cost channel to target a wide customer base. It also provides convenience to customers in the form of instant access, ease of use and personalization. It is also a wonderful source of information for the customers is available 24/7 and gives them the chance to establish two-way communication with the company by letting them provide feedback and share preferences.Conversely, the internet is an impersonal tool that does not allow the customer and the company to establish human contact. There is also the possibility of annoying customers by sending them too much spam. It also limits how the customer can directly interact with the product and requires an infrastructural investment. There is also a lack of after-sales service opportunities.TelephoneThe telephone is an inexpensive ad efficient way to establish direct contact with the customer. It is also a good way to establish a relationship, create leads and reach customers in remote areas. On the other hand, the telephone, due to being outsourced to third world countries and used as a medium for marketing may seem intrusive and annoying to customers.Mail / EmailMail is another direct medium that is inexpensive and can reach a large audience. It is also easily customizable to different customer segments and allows for easy alteration. It is a wonderful way to create a brand image, communicate innovations or new products and foster good will. Again there are challenges with th is medium such as the possibility that customers consider it junk mail or choose to never peruse its contents. This medium in general has low ROI.Indirect DistributionIndirect distribution can be carried out through retailers, agents/ brokers/ reps and distributors.RetailersRetailers come with many positives such as already established infrastructures of stores, webpages, and aggressive marketing strategies. Retailers have their established brands that can provide a bolster to the already existing brand. There is also personal service and after sales services provided by the retailer, as well as a being a source of market and consumer intelligence.This channel, however, leads to lower margins and loss of control. There is a disconnect from the end customer, and the retailer may be stocking competing brands side by side. This is a complex channel that can be expensive for a new business.Agents and BrokersAgents, brokers or reps provide personal selling and have established relationsh ips with customers. They have a broad network, lesser distribution costs and are a source of market intelligence. They also assume the role of promoting the product, as well as share the burden of overhead costs.Conversely, this channel is more sensitive to pricing, difficult to control and train. They may represent competing brands and maintain loyalty to the highest selling brand. This channel also means the company has less control over its brand image and no opportunity to establish a direct relationship with the client.DistributorsFinally, distributors have a focused customer base, assume inventory risk, have a wider reach and are technically trained. However, they carry competing brands, have a say in the final pricing of your product and your company does not have control over the final look of the product to the customer. They also have low customer intelligence and represent an additional investment.CASE STUDYGoogle is the largest technological company in the world. Its mai n product is its search engine that is the most used search engine in today’s day and age.Google employs two channels to deliver its value propositions to its customer segments. It has created Global Sales and Support teams as well as a Multi-product Sales force.For its individual customers, Google has a DIY approach with a high level of automation to make the process convenient and to appeal to the average Googler.Google’s Global Sales and Support team consists of specialized teams across industries that establish relationships with advertisers and network members and aid them in gaining maximum value from their relationship with Google.Google’s sales force sells Search, Display and Mobile advertising and is focused on fostering relationships with major advertisers and premium internet companies.

The Salem Of Witch Trails - 2281 Words

Wasn’t attributable of a physical malady, the community reasoned that it must been According to Blumberg, the Salem of witch trails was a really bad part of the United State. There were people who didn’t understanding why they were getting accused. This happed during 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts. This happened during this time. The main parts that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family, feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of people (Sutter). The seeds of the hysteria is afflicted Salem village, Massachusetts were sown on January 1692 when groups of young lady’s began to display wild behavior. The physicians called to examine the girls could find no cause of the disturbing behavior. If the source affliction the work of Satan. Witches invaded of Salem. February village began; raying and fasting in order to rid itself of the devil’s affect the girls were pressured to reveal who’s in the community controlled t heir behavior. March 11, 1692 there was a day of fasting and also, prayers in the Salem during the days of community’s ministers, the rev. Monday 21st on March magistrates of Salem appointed to come to examination of the goodwife Corey about twelve of the clock they went into the meeting house, which was thronged with the spectators (The Salem witch Trials). Ann Putnam Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, and Mary Warren all charge they were, no longer friends they were not nice. â€Å"The girls complained into grotesque poses, fellShow MoreRelatedThe Witch Trail Of The Salem Witch Trails1529 Words   |  7 Pages At the word witch, we imagine the horrible old crones from Macbeth. But the cruel trials witches suffered teach us the opposite. Many perished precisely because they were young and beautiful. - Andrà © Breton In 17th-century Colonial America, contact with the supernatural was considered part of everyday life; many people believed that evil spirits were present and active on Earth. This superstition emerged 15th century Europe and spread with the colonization of North American puritan coloniesRead MoreThe Salem Of Witch Trails2303 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to Blumberg, the Salem of witch trails it was a really bad part of the United State. There were people who didn’t understanding why they were getting accused. This happed during the 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts this was really happing during this time. The main parts that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family, feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of people (Sutter). The seeds of the hysteria is afflicted Salem village, Massachusetts were sown onRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trails, By Frances Hill933 Words   |  4 PagesFrances Hill, a specialist in the Salem witch trails, once describ ed the event as â€Å"providing an astonishingly clear and instructive model of the universal and timeless processes by which groups of human beings instigate, justify, and escalate persecution†¦the steps are easy to trace, by which a few deranged, destructive human beings led ordinary mortals down the dark paths of fear, hatred, and envy to demonize and destroy innocent victims.† These trials will most likely be an occasion where historiansRead MoreThe Mystery of the Salem Witch Trails of 1692623 Words   |  2 PagesIf we were to look through American history, we can witness many victories as well as many shames. One of the most famous ignominies was the Salem witch trials in 1692. During the witch trials, many were wrongfully accused and some were executed. There are many theories about why this horror story commenced, but there are no clear appointed reasons. Medical factors may have contributed to the events such as ergot poisoning, traumatic stress, and mass hyste ria. Considering that this was an early timeRead MoreThe Witch Trails of Salem in The Crucible be Arthur Miller Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesunknown may cause calamity through the corruption of the Witch Trials of Salem. Throughout the novel, Miller shows that the unknown will destroy a civilization if the higher-class allow it through the accusation of Rebecca Nurse, the actions of Abigail Williams to rid of Elizabeth Proctor, and the structure of the village The unknown blinds one’s common sense, thus leading to chaos. Rebecca Nurse, wife of Francis Nurse, is highly respected in Salem, Massachusetts, but is accused for witchcraft, whichRead MoreThe Movie Hocus Pocus Was Directed By Kenny Ortega And The Salem Witch Trail997 Words   |  4 Pageswill return to the ordinary world with a gift for the world. David Kirschner and Mick Garris fulfilled all the Hero’s Journey steps. The movie Hocus Pocus was directed by Kenny Ortega and is based on the Salem Witch trails back in Salem, Massachusetts in the 1600’s. On October 31, 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts, Thackery Binx discovers his sister Emily being spirited away to the Sanderson Sisters’ cottage, a trio of witches. The sisters, Winifred, Sarah and Mary, cast a spell on Emily to absorb herRead MoreIs Witch Trails A Thing Of The Past?923 Words   |  4 Pages Being that the Salem Witch Trails date back to over three hundred years, many people believe witch trails are a thing of the past. However, modern day witch trails are still extremely prevalent. Modern-day witch-hunts are reported to still be happening in Africa, the Pacific, Latin America, even in the U.S. and Europe. According to a New York Times article, within the last fifteen years alone, more than 2,000 Indians have been killed after being accused of wit chcraft. Almost all of the accused haveRead MoreSix Women Of Salem Book Review1124 Words   |  5 PagesYasmin Valdez 11/23/15 History 1302 Book Review â€Å"Six Women of Salem† Book Review, By Marilyne K. Roach Marilynne K. Roach is a resident of Watertown, Massachusetts. She went on to graduate with a BFA from MCA (Massachusetts College of Art) but she uniquely gives credit to the public library systems for the rest of her education. This is very interesting to me because she says that libraries are what she owes to her education to. Because of all the books she reads she later turns out to be a greatRead MoreEssay about From Rosie to Lucy747 Words   |  3 Pagesmissing facts are about the economic and population problems. The Salem Witch Trials were also some information that had to be studied by the historians. The first question that will be answered is to what extent does the survivability of sources (or lack thereof) affect the ability of historians to reconstruct and interpret the history of this period? The historians study the exact events that happened during the Witch Trails and find that some of the information is missing. They have come acrossRead MoreHiding Salem : The Other Witch Hunt Of 1692 By Richard Godbeer1145 Words   |  5 PagesBook Analysis: Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer In Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer examined the witchcraft hysteria which happened in Stamford, Connecticut as the hysteria escaped from Salem, Massachusetts and how the panic of witchcraft caused by Katherine Branch in June of 1692, intensified beliefs and readjustments in the legal system in the Puritans society in Stamford, Connecticut. Consequently, Katherine Branch’s accusations in

The Story Of My Fathers Life - 1587 Words

Yet for all our fantasies and vivid imaginations, none of us could really satisfactorily imagine how he looked — not until one afternoon when the wind from the west began its piercing song, and the convulsing dust covered rooftops and the west skies turned a crimson red. As I was ready to leave our back alley and flee the horror of the red sky, Martin appeared in the alley with a whirlwind of dust dancing about him. He was awfully small — much smaller than any of us had ever imagined him to be. And when I saw how thin he was, I thought to myself how very appropriate was the rhyme we had created. Not only was he small, but he was unbelievably skinny. Yet, strangely enough, right in the middle of this thin and frail body was an enormous†¦show more content†¦Even if we had wanted to start a conversation, the strong wind would have prevented it. As it was we simply stared at each other. We stared in a silent eternity, an eternity that was broken when Martin languid ly picked up a clod from the ground and threw it at us. Calmly and simply. No reason. He just threw it. He missed, and he had made a terrible mistake. He had given us a reason to hurt him and his belly. His throw had come closest to my cousin, who quickly responded with a practiced hand. But Vicentes throw was too late, for Martin and his replica had managed to escape behind the wooden fence that bordered the alley. It was not an instant showdown between Martin and ourselves. He would throw and duck and the clods would burst into a thousand pieces against the side of the house; we would throw, duck, and miss. We managed to miss each other for ten minutes of intense battle. This type of warfare was not at all unfamiliar to us and we had managed to develop antics and even particular strategies for winning battles. When we tired of this particular phase of our encounter with Martin, we decided to utilize one of our more fundamental plans for fishing him out into the open. Near the north side of our house there was a large hole, which had been dug for rubbish, and since the rubbish had not yet been dumped into it, we decided that it afforded us an excellent opportunity to stageShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Life Story Of Someone Older Than Me Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesprerequisite for my English 101 class. One of the assignment was to write a personal life story of someone older than me. I immedi ately thought of my maternal grandparent’s story. I know their story by heart. When I was young, I would visit their house in the province of Pampanga every summer. After lunch, I’d sit in their papag (bamboo bed) in their living room and listen to my grandmother, seated in her rocking chair, as she narrated their life during the World War II. I wrote all her stories in my essayRead MoreThe Last Game vs. Reunion Contrast Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesLast Game And Reunion Stories of Contrast What is a father? A father is someone who is more than just a person who created you. A father is a person who should be a mentor to you and helps guide you through life. What isnt a father is one who simply puts their children aside to live their own lives and have no part in their childrens life and growth. The stories I will be contrasting are The Last Game, by Jan Weiner and Reunion, by John Cheever. My first reason of contrast is thatRead MoreMule Killers1077 Words   |  5 PagesNot Always Lead to a Better Life Life, in the primitive sense of the word, means moving through time towards inevitable death. Progression, by definition, means development towards a destination or more advanced state. Life in the emotional aspect explores love, and with love there will always be shortcomings and complexities. Progression, life, destruction, and love are themes in the short story Mule Killers by Lydia Peelle. The short story is a story within a story, and it is first person narrationRead More True Love and Unrequited Love in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHypolyta and Thesus’ but some that did not begin in true love, end as true love such as Helena and Demetrius’. Helena and Demetrius in my perspective were meant to love each other so that everyone may be able to love each other in harmony. The love potion was only the push Demetrius needed so that he could be happy forever True love is the most powerful love in this story as it is the sort that hurts no one and is really from the heart. It is demonstrated when Lysander says There, gentle Hermia, mayRead MoreTheme Of Realism In Haroun And The Sea Of Stories1400 Words   |  6 PagesIf a story is told in some magical sense, each perceived situation would be disproportionate to reality, but does it make the situation any less real? Through extravagant and purely make believe elements, one can reach the truth in a different way or find another door to the truth. By utilizing magical realism, authors are enabled to have characters in their story break the real life rules, portray magical elements within a realistic setting, and to explore reality in an imaginative way, while suggestingRead MoreSocial Mobility Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesAs a child I remember hearing stories about a lost family fortune from my father’s side of the family. I never put a lot of stock into those stories, but evident ly they were true. My father’s side was comprised of farmers for many generations. The Owens family owned thousands of acres of land in Kentucky, on which they farmed tobacco and raised horses and cattle. My father, Leland, blames his grandfather’s generation for whittling away the family’s money. Even with the loss of prestige of owningRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Story Marzipan By Aimee Bender1222 Words   |  5 Pagescould differ between different gender groups as their collective norms and values may differ. As dealing with loss and grief is an inevitable part of our experience, we must acknowledge those differences and learn to work with our partners in life. In the short story â€Å"Marzipan† the author Aimee Bender examines the roles loss and grief played in the two genders. While loss and grief usually cause passive and incommunicable emotions among men, women opt for disguising their emotions. Those stereotypicalRead MoreTheme Of A Secret Lo st In The Water921 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Values â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† is a short story by Roch Carrier. It is a story about how young millennials are forgetting their traditional way of life and are moving into the modern era. The story takes place in a small village where everyone knows one another. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† is a story about a father tries to teach his son an important skill of how to find water with an elder branch, but the son does not value it and loses the skill. The main theme in â€Å"A SecretRead MoreThe Rocket Man Literary Devices1485 Words   |  6 PagesIn the short story, The Rocket Man, an adaptation of, The Illustrated Man, the author Ray Bradbury describes the life of an astronaut who is torn between living an ordinary life with his family and traveling through space on a rocketship. The story, written in 1951, is based around how the father’s space travel affects his son, Doug, and the father’s relationship with his wife. The Rocket Man, was written during the modern period of literature, a time when science fiction and new technology was upRead MoreIllness Narrative Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMy Illness Narrative Sharing and listening to the illness narratives in class is an experience that I do not think I could ever forget. Listening to people share their raw emotions and stories of struggle and illness was eye opening, My own illness narrative could be described as a quest narrative and more specifically an automythology. This is because as I stated in my presentation, I became a better person, adopted skills that helped me deal with my father’s illness, understood what it is like

On the Necessity of Rationalism Free Essays

In the process of considering the various means of justification, a relativistic conception of reality assumes that the truth and hence the validity of a statement may only be assessed in relation to the perspective of the discipline which holds a particular belief. In this sense, truth is dependent upon the internal coherence of beliefs within a system of thought. In his The Last Word, Nagel claims that such is not the case. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Necessity of Rationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now He argues that the truth and hence the validity of statements are dependent upon an unqualified notion of reason. He claims that the truth of a statement is independent upon any particular perspective. If such is the case, it follows that the truth of any statement is independent from the schema [truth schema] presented by any system of thought. In relation to scientific claims, it thereby follows that the truth of scientific claims ought to be assessed through the unqualified notion of reason as opposed to merely their internal coherence within the scientific conception of reality [scientific framework]. The aforementioned argument is based upon the critique of the intrinsic limits to subjectivist doubt since challenges to the independent validity of reason must themselves assume the independent validity of reason. Any explanation of reason deriving from outside the mind can itself be explained only from inside the mind, as having its own independent validity. In the case of scientific knowledge, he argues that it is mistaken to assume that the scientific discipline has freed itself from the limits of the Cartesian problem through the replacement of judgments about rules of practice from objective judgments. Nagel argues that if science will continually adhere to a subjectivistic and hence relativistic framework, the discipline will fail to provide an objective account of reality. He claims, â€Å"the general aim of such reasoning [scientific reasoning] is to make sense of the world in which we find ourselves and how it appears to us and others† (81). If such is the case, it is necessary to conceive of the conception of the world which is not based upon an a priori conception of reality dependent upon a preconceived and limited conception of the word. According to Nagel, such an account is not provided by science. The reasons for this lies in the subjectivism of science (Nagel 84). Subjectivism within science [scientific methods] is apparent if one considers that the scientific â€Å"demand for order cannot itself be rationally justified nor does it correspond to a self-evident necessity† (Nagel 84). He notes that scientific subjectivism can only end if it adheres to rational means of knowledge acquisition. It is only through the defense of rationalism that an objectivist account of evidence is possible. Nagel further argues that the appeal of subjectivism arises out of a certain reductionist impulse in modern explanation as this reductionist impulse enables the explanation of things to hinge on their reduction to local and finite terms thereby ensuring subjectivist conclusions. Although this enables the assurance against rationalist explanations that refuse to make reason into something irrational or that conceive of reason as a capacity for grasping the universal and infinite principle, the reductionist explanation is in itself dependent on an irreducibly nonlocal and objective understanding of reason. Nagel argues that doubt about reason presupposes reason’s independent validity hence reason’s independent validity cannot be coherently doubted. He rightly argues that to object to reason on the grounds we cannot strictly explain it in naturalistic terms is to misunderstand the irreducible nature of the concept since reason cannot be so explained without losing its meaning or validity and that, as such, it is justified in a different way, by showing it to be necessary to intelligible thought and action. Science thereby must opt for a rationalistic as opposed to a subjectivistic account of reality for it to maintain its value as a discipline. Work Cited Nagel, Thomas. The Last Word. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Essay Number Two Edmund Gettier’s Counterargument Against the Platonic Tripartite Account of Propositional Knowledge The Platonic tripartite definition of propositional and fallibilist knowledge found in the last section of the Theaetetus states that knowledge of P occurs when an epistemic agent S knows that P if and only if (1) P is true, (2) S believes that P, and (3) S is justified in believing that P (90). A well-known opposition to such an account of propositional knowledge questions the sufficiency of the aforementioned conditions. It is argued that although the aforementioned conditions are necessary in the definition of propositional knowledge such conditions are insufficient due to their failure to ensure S against conditions wherein knowledge of P occurs as a result of mere epistemic luck (Gettier 123). This critique is best known as the Gettier type counter examples towards the tripartite definition of propositional knowledge mentioned above. A logical problem is posited by the Gettier type counter examples. This logical problem is evident in the lack of successful coordination between the truth of P and the reasons that justify S in holding P. Floridi notes that Gettier type counter examples arise â€Å"because the truth and the justification of P happen to be not only independent but also opaquely unrelated that they happen to fail to converge or agree on the same propositional content P†¦without S realizing it† (64). In order to understand this, it is important to lay down the main assumptions of Gettier’s counter argument that seeks to explicate the aforementioned logical problem. Gettier’s argument against the tripartite account of propositional knowledge, which involves the conception of knowledge as justified true belief arose as a result of the following claim: knowledge [propositional knowledge] does not merely involve justified true belief. Such a claim is based upon the following assumptions. First, there are instances wherein the warrant is not a sufficient condition for a belief in P. This is evident if one considers that instances of belief and knowledge of P are in some respects epistemically different [other than in terms of truth] from belief of P without knowledge of P. Second, there are instances wherein warrant is fallible. This is due to the insufficiency of truth and justification as warrants for knowledge. The evidence of such, according to Gettier is apparent if one considers that it is possible for P to be false even if S believes that P possesses epistemically significant properties such that whenever a belief possesses such properties and is true the belief may thereby qualify as knowledge. Lastly, there is the closure of knowledge under obvious and known entailments. The last assumption argues that if S is justified in believing P and a deductively valid inference is drawn from P to another belief Q then S is justified in believing Q. This is a result of the entailment of Q from P. From what was stated above, it is possible to present the usual form of Gettier’s attack against the tripartite account of knowledge. Gettier’s counter argument is based upon the critique of warrant, fallibility, and closure. Note that combination of the three claims mentioned above leads to a contradiction. From what was mentioned above it follows that it is possible to believe in an obvious deductive consequence of P, which is Q, while in the process retaining the epistemically significant properties of the belief in P. If such is the case, it is possible to have a justified true belief of any property which has led S to have a belief in Q or any other type of belief which has Q’s epistemic characteristics. Note that this contradicts the assumed necessity that P and Q differ from each other since one qualifies as knowledge [S believes and has knowledge of P] whereas Q merely qualifies as a belief [S believes but does not have knowledge of Q]. Works Cited Floridi, L. â€Å"On the Logical Unsolvability of the Gettier Problem.† Synthese 142(2004): 61-79. Gettier, E. â€Å"Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?† Analysis 23(1963): 121-23. Plato. Theaetetus. Trans. M.J. Levett. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1992. How to cite On the Necessity of Rationalism, Essay examples

The New Testament James about the Tongue

Introduction The New Testament is considered to be one of the most important parts of the Bible that depicts the true nature of human duties, demands, and desires, that teaches everyone the truths which have to be followed, and that explains what has to be appreciated in this life.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The New Testament: James about the Tongue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This work consists of numerous gospels, apostles, and epistles which are worthy of recognition and attention, however, right now, I would like to underline the Epistle of James, and to be more exact his ideas about the tongue and its nature. The tongue is one of the most difficult areas for people to control. Very often people just forget about the necessity to control their worlds and thoughts and suffer because of the tongue’s unpredictable power. James represented a magnificent analysis of people’s words and actions and the outcomes of human mistakes. In spite of its size, tongue has a huge power to control and influence human lives. James as a devoted servant of God made a wonderful attempt to explain the essence and the power of human tongue, the necessity to control the tongue in order to please God, and human unbelievable desire to become teachers without being a perfect example in everything. Discussion James’ role in the New Testament. Before the analysis of the New Testament’s passage written by James, it is necessary to identify the role of James in the Bible and the peculiar features of his contribution to the history. He was â€Å"an older stepbrother of Jesus by a conjectural marriage of Joseph preceding his marriage to Mary† (Gundry 474). He became recognizable as the author who paid much attention to law, legalization of rights, and promotion of rightness among the society. However, it is necessary to admit that for a long period of time, James and his works were under a considerable suspicion by many historians and writer. The point is that James was the only one who was not afraid to conflict with other writers of the New Testament. Due to certain divergences of Paul’s opinion, James views were disputed considerably by many people who regarded his works as something that was less important in comparison to other writing of the New Testament (Ward para. 1). However, James captivating stories and examples from real life made many people to re-evaluate their attitude to his works, and within a short period of time, the Epistle of James become the brightest example of human revival and attention to the details which fulfilled this life. General overview of the passage from the New Testament. The Epistle of James is an educative part of the New Testament that helps to analyze this life and our place in this world. It is not enough to know that each person is an integral part of something really important; it is more important to comprehend that people should do to become worthwhile of this world.Advertising Looking for term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This passage evaluates the way of why people are under control of their tongues and why this fact has to be admitted and taken into consideration. The idea that â€Å"the tongue is a small part of the body, but it makes great boasts† (James 3: 5) proves that in this life, there are so many small things which have huge and important consequences on bigger things. This truth is impossible to avoid, neglect, or change the function of the tongue. And it is necessary to accept everything as it is and be very careful with words. People as teachers. James writings were one of the firsts that criticize the role of teachers in this world and their false ideas and suggestions. He admitted that â€Å"not many of you should presume to be teachers, my brothers, because you know that we, who teach, will be judged more strictly† (James 3: 1). People make mistakes, so that their actions cannot be right all the time. And only those who â€Å"never at fault† can become the best teachers. On the one hand, his suggestion is rather powerful and understandable: people have to consider their maturity and be sure about the correctness of their ideas before they make a decision to teach others. It is very important to take this aspect into account to present really worthwhile education. On the other hand, these words demonstrate a kind of weakness of the author. â€Å"There were teachers who lived out nothing of the truth which they taught, whose lives were a contradiction of what they taught and who did nothing but bring dishonor on the faith they represented (Barclay 92). It is noticeable that people are still afraid to become responsible for each their word. They cannot be sure about their correctness, and all they can do is to rely on God and hi s power. People have to be stronger and more powerful to enjoy this life and assist the other to do the same. Tongue as human gift and curst. The Epistle of James focuses mostly on the role of the tongue in human world and its possible functions. The author underlines that â€Å"with the tongue we praise our Lord and Father† (James 3: 9), however, at the same time, he admits that â€Å"the tongue also is a fire, a world or evil among the parts of the body† (James 3: 6). Is it possible to unite such a significant function of the tongue as the communication with God and the idea to promote sins by the same part of the body? Those who are devoted to religion may believe that they do not actually bridle their tongues, however, they deceive their hearts (Painter 257).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The New Testament: James about the Tongue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of such descripti ve words like bits in mouths, small rudder, and animals being tamed by man proves that the author has a kind of negative attitude to such crucial function of the tongue and such miserable attitude of humans to this part. It is difficult to control this part of the body (Kamell 15), but still it is necessary to do it. Our life is incomplete without it, however, its influence of human actions and words can make this life incomplete as well. Conclusion In general, the passage under consideration has many positive aspects to deal with. People become so self-assured that they simply forget about the idea of being controlled by somebody or something. It is difficult to believe that some small part of the body may be more important than the body itself. To enjoy this life, to be able to cope with challenges, to help other people, it is significant to appreciate each detail and every piece around. It is useless to try to teach and explain something if you are not sure about personal abiliti es to control your words and your thoughts. Gain control over words – this is the main message of the passage. However, these are still only words, and people have to use their actions to achieve the desirable success. Works Cited Barclay, William. The Letters of James and Peter. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. Gundry, Robert, H. A Survey of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003. James. â€Å"Taming the Tongue.† The New Testament 3: 1-12. 1 Apr. 2010. https://biblehub.com/niv/james/3.htm Kamell, Mariam, J. â€Å"The Nature of Eternal Security in James: Divine Grace Pairs with the Imitatio Dei.† Testamentum Imperium 2 (2009). 1 Apr. 2010. http://www.preciousheart.net/ti/2009/38-070_Kamell_Irrevocable_Salvation_James.pdf Advertising Looking for term paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Painter, John. â€Å"James as the First Catholic Epistle.† Interpretation 60. 3. (2006): 245 – 259. Ward, Douglas. â€Å"James and the Law Ethics in the Christian Life.† The Voice. 13 Jul. 2006. 1 Apr. 2010. http://www.crivoice.org/jameslaw.html This term paper on The New Testament: James about the Tongue was written and submitted by user Trevon Calderon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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